Excellent Web Resources
http://citationmachine.net/
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_apa.html
http://www.referencepointsoftware.com/
http://www.perrla.com
http://www.apastyle.org
http://www.CrossRef.org (for DOI numbers)
University of Phoenix Center for Writing Excellence
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The purpose of in-text citations is to identify the source in the
References list so a reader can obtain the original source if desired. ALL
in-text citations should have matching entries in the reference list (and
ALL entries in the reference list should have matching citations in the
body of the paper). Use only author's surname in citations.
x Words such as figure and chapter are not abbreviated in citations.
x The
Publication Manual
defines paraphrasing as summarizing a
passage or rearranging the order of a sentence and/or changing
some of the words. Citations are required for paraphrasing. Page
numbers are not required, but you are encouraged to use them.
x Stating facts of common knowledge, such as President
Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865, do not
require citations (even if you had to look up the information).
x Referring to another's ideas/findings but not using any of that
author's ideas/findings still requires a citation, but no quote marks.
x Quotations of less than 40 words--Place quotation marks before
and after the quote. The citation goes in parenthesis after the ending
quotation mark but
before
the period ending the quote. The page
number is required. Use p. or pp.
x Quotations of 40 words or more--Do not use quotation marks.
Instead, block-indent the quotation one-half inch from the left
margin (using Word's
Increase Indent
). Citation goes in parenthesis
after
the period ending the quote. Page # required. Use p. or pp.
x Citations do not need to be repeated within a paragraph until a
different author’s name is used; only the page number of the source
needs to be used (p. 174).
x For multiple authors, use the ampersand (&) in parentheses, but use
and
in sentence stem. With two authors, include both authors’
names each time the source is cited. With 3-5 authors, use all
authors’ names the first time the source is cited then use the first
author and et al. (not italicized) each time thereafter. With six or
more authors, use the first author and et al. every time.
x When it is necessary to cite a quoted source (a quote of a quote),
use the original author’s name in the stem of the sentence followed
by (as cited in author, year). The works cited do not need
to be listed on the References page.
x For personal communication (private letters, personal interviews, e-
mail, and newsgroups), include initials and surname followed by
(personal communication, full date). Personal
communications are not listed on the References page.
x Classical works do not need a citation; however, quotations from the
Bible
and the
Qur'an
should indicate the chapter and verse followed
by the version in parenthesis.
x Use a 3-dot,
spaced
ellipsis (. . .) to indicate material omitted within
a sentence. Use a 4-dot,
spaced
ellipsis (. . . .) for entire sentences
omitted -- the first dot represents the period at the end of the
sentence before the omission starts.
x Use brackets [ ] to indicate material you add. Use italics for emphasis
but note your italics with [italics added] immediately after.
x If a page number is not available, list the paragraph number using
the abbreviation para. Do not use the pilcrow symbol (¶).
x If the names of the authors are part of the sentence structure, the
year of publication appears in parenthesis following the authors’ last
names. The page number follows the quotation in parenthesis, with
the end-of-sentence punctuation
after
the parenthesis. (See first
example below.)
x If the names of the authors are not part of the sentence structure,
the authors’ last names, the year, and page number follow the
quotation in parenthesis with the end-of-sentence punctuation
after
the parenthesis. (See second example below.)
Example of citation with author as part of the sentence:
As Morris (2003) stated, “teaching is generally
more art than science” (p. 45).
Example of citation with author not part of the sentence:
We learn that “the Fair Use Doctrine applies only
to classroom distribution in public schools”
(Morris, 2003, p. 121).
x The references page begins on a new page after the end of the
body of the paper (press CTRL+ENTER in Word to force a
page break).
x The word References is centered on first line (not in bold).
x The references are double-spaced and formatted with hanging
indents. To turn on hanging indents in Word, press CTRL+T.
x Reference entries are organized alphabetically by the last name
of the first author.
x Bold, underlining, and professional credentials (such as Ph.D.)
are not used on the References page.
x Personal communications are not listed on the references page.
x Titles of books, titles of chapters in books, and titles of journal
articles are
not
capitalized—only capitalize the first word and
any proper nouns [sentence case]. Each significant word in the
title of a journal name
is
capitalized [title case].
x Titles of books and titles of journals are italicized.
Most references have three parts, each part ending with a period:
Part 1. Author and date. List the author’s last name, a comma
and space, the initial(s) of the author with a period and space
after each initial, and the year of publication in parenthesis.
End with a period.
Part 2. Title. For books, chapter title is written first, followed by
a period and space then the word “In,” a space, and the book
title in italics. Titles of chapters should not be italicized or in
quotation marks. For journals, list the title of the article, not
italicized and not in quotation marks. For web pages, list the
title of the web page (from the title bar in your web browser).
Capitalize only the first word and any proper nouns.
Part 3. Publication Information. For books, list the city, a
comma, the state (or country) of publication, a colon, one
space, and the publisher. For printed journals, list the name
of the journal in italics (not underlined) using title case, a
comma, one space, the volume number in Arabic numerals and
italics
, a comma, one space, the pages of the article (not in
italics), and a period. For electronic sources, list the
publication information for journals in electronic databases the
same as a printed journal but followed by the DOI. Do not end
the DOI with a period. Retrieval date not needed. For web
pages, type Retrieved from then the URL address of the
site. Do not end a URL address with a period. Retrieval date
not needed unless the web page changes on a regular basis.
Example of a chapter in a non-edited book:
Morris, J. (2003). Title of chapter. In Title of book. Salt Lake
City, UT: Publisher Name.
Example of an article in a printed journal:
Morris, J. (2003). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, 123,
67-70.
Example of an electronic source with DOI:
Morris, J. (2003). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, 123,
67-70. doi:10.1002/S625-1234(09)6789-1
Example of an electronic source without DOI:
Morris, J. (2003). Title of the web page from the title bar in IE.
Retrieved from http://www.domain.com